How to Creating, Removing, Copying, Moving files & Directories in Linux
Using cat command:
[root@dev ~]# cat > filename1
This is world file Ctrl+d (To save the file)
To display the content of the file
[root@dev ~]# cat filename1
This is world file
To display the content of the file
[root@dev ~]# cat >> filename1
This second line
[root@dev ~]# cat filename1
This is world file This second line
Creating multiple files at same time using touch command
[root@dev db_bak]# touch file{1..5}
[root@dev db_bak]# ls
file1 file2 file3 file4 file5
Creating a Directory:
[root@dev db_bak]# mkdir dir1
[root@dev db_bak]# ls
dir1
Making multiple directories inside a directory
[root@dev ~]# mkdir -p technology/{linux/{shell_script,linux},java/{basic,adv_java},mysql/{DBA,Dev}}
[root@dev ~]# tree technology/
technology/
|-- java
| |-- adv_java
| `-- basic
|-- linux
| |-- linux
| `-- shell_script
`-- mysql
|-- DBA
`-- Dev
9 directories, 0 files
Copying files into directory
[root@dev ~]# ls
filename
[root@dev ~]# cp filename technology/
[root@dev ~]# ls
filename
[root@dev ~]# cd technology/
[root@dev technology]# ls
filename java linux mysql
Copying directories from one location to other
[root@dev technology]# cp -rvfp java linux/
‘java’ -> ‘linux/java’
‘java/basic’ -> ‘linux/java/basic’
‘java/adv_java’ -> ‘linux/java/adv_java’
[root@dev technology]# cd linux/
[root@dev linux]# ls
java linux shell_script
Moving files from one location to other (cut and Paste)
[root@dev technology]# ls
filename java linux mysql
[root@dev technology]# mv filename java/
[root@dev technology]# cd java/
[root@dev java]# ls
adv_java basic filename
Moving a Directory from one location to other
[root@dev technology]# ls
java linux mysql
[root@dev technology]# mv java/ linux/
[root@dev technology]# ls
linux mysql
[root@dev technology]# cd linux/
[root@dev linux]# ls
java linux shell_script
Renaming a File
[root@dev linux]# ls
java linux shell_script
[root@dev linux]# mv linux/ linux_adv
[root@dev linux]# ls
java linux_adv shell_script
rm: remove regular empty file ‘file’? y
Vim editor command
Command Mode:
gg To go to the beginning of the page
G To go to end of the pagew
b To move the cursor forward, word by word
nb To move the cursor backward, word by word
nw To move the cursor forward to n words (5W)
nb To move the cursor backward to n words (5B)
u To undo last change (word)
Ctrl+R To redo the changes
yy To copy line
nyy to copy no of line
dd to delete line
p to past line
Symbolic Link :- There are two types of Links
Soft Link :
1. Size of link file is equal to no. of characters in the name of original file
2. Can be created across the Partition
3.Inode no. of source and link file is different
4.if original file is deleted, link is broken and data is lost
5.SHORTCUT FILE
[root@dev ~]# ln -s /aws/ aws.slink
Hard link :
1. Size of both file is same
2 .Can't be created across the partition
3.Inode no. of both file is same
4.If original file is deleted then also link will contain data
5.BACKUP FILE
[root@dev ~]# ln /aws/ aws.hlink
File Permissions:
Permissions are applied on three levels:-
Owner or User level
Group level
Others level
Access modes are of three types:-
r - read only
w - write/edit/delete/append
x - execute/run a command
[root@dev ~]# chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=r filename
[root@dev ~]# ls -l filename
-rwxrw-r--. 1 root root 13 Nov 18 15:35 filename
2 Absolute Method (numbers) In Absolute method we use numbers instead of using symbols i.e.
Read=4
Write=2
Execute=1
[root@dev ~]# chmod 764 filename
[root@dev ~]# ls -l filename
-rwxrw-r--. 1 root root 13 Nov 18 15:35 filename
Removing all permissions from others
[root@dev ~]# chmod 760 filename (where 0 indicates no permissions)
Umask:
When
we create any file using touch, cat or vi commands they get created
with default file permissions as stored in umask (User file creation
mask).
[root@dev ~]# umask
0022
Calculation of default permissions for file and directory, basing upon the umask value
Note:
For a file by default it cannot have the execute permission, so the
maximum full permission for a file at the time of creation can be 666
(i.e. 777 -111 = 666), whereas a directory can have full permissions
i.e. 777
The full permission for the file 666
Minus the umask value -022
The default permission for file is 644 (rw-,r--,r--)
The full permission for the directory 777
Minus the umask value - 022
The default permission for file is 755 (rwx, r-x, r-x)
HOW TO CREATE PARTITION AND MOUNT
[root@dev ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-16777215, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-16777215, default 16777215): +2048M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
[root@dev ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Temporary mount
[root@dev ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 linux
[root@dev ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 60G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 0 59G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 37G 0 lvm /
├─centos-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─centos-home 253:2 0 18.1G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 8G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /root/linux
Fuser command used
[root@dev ~]# fuser -cu linux
/root/linux: 23963c(root)
Note :- It is show how many user used this directory
[root@dev ~]# fuser -ck linux
/root/linux: 23963c
Note :- forcefully kill user and log out
To view the usage information of mounted partition:
[root@dev ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 34M 1.9G 2% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root 38G 4.6G 33G 13% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 149M 866M 15% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home 19G 33M 19G 1% /home
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 6.0M 1.8G 1% /root/linux
Creating a Swap Partition:
[root@dev ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x13fe498e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 8390655 2097152 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (8390656-16777215, default 8390656):
Using default value 8390656
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (8390656-16777215, default 16777215): +2048M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x13fe498e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 8390655 2097152 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb3 8390656 12584959 2097152 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x13fe498e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 8390655 2097152 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb3 8390656 12584959 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@dev ~]# partprobe
[root@dev ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb3
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2097148 KiB
no label, UUID=d2fde43f-4e96-42a5-9ac8-8cb7fa6d18c5
[root@dev ~]# swapon /dev/sdb3
[root@dev ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 4063228 0 -2
/dev/sdb3 partition 2097148 0 -3
Check Swap memory
[root@dev ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3789 829 417 33 2542 2648
Swap: 6015 0 6015
Reduce Swap memory
[root@dev ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb3
[root@dev ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3789 828 417 33 2542 2648
Swap: 3967 0 3967
Apache Configuration
HOW TO CONFIGURE VIRTUAL WEB HOSTING
[root@dev ~]# vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/ip.conf
<VirtualHost 192.168.0.10:80>
ServerAdmin root@dev.example.com
ServerName www1.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/
</virtualhost>
<Directory "/var/www/">
AllowOverride none
Require all Granted
</Directory>
[root@dev ~]# vi /var/www/index.html
[root@dev ~]# vi /etc/hosts
192.168.105.62 www1.example.com
192.168.105.62 www2.example.com
[root@dev ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
[root@dev ~]# firewall-cmd --complete-reload
success
[root@dev ~]# elinks www1.example.com
HOW TO REDIRECT WEBSITE
[root@dev ~]# vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/virtual.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin root@dev.example.com
ServerName www1.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/
Redirect / "https://www.ecollege.life"
</virtualhost>
<Directory "/var/www/">
AllowOverride none
Require all Granted
</Directory>
[root@dev ~]# vi /var/www/index.html
PORT BASED WEB HOSTING
[root@dev ~]# vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/port.conf
<VirtualHost *:8999>
ServerAdmin root@dev.example.com
ServerName www1.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/
</virtualhost>
<Directory "/var/www/">
AllowOverride none
Require all Granted
</Directory>
[root@dev ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8999/tcp
success
[root@dev ~]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@dev ~]# firewall-cmd --complete-reload
[root@dev ~]#firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=21/tcp
How to create LVM
Step1 :[root@dev ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb ( Create partition)
Welcome
to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).Changes will remain in memory only, until
you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (4196352-16777215, default 4196352):
Using default value 4196352
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (4196352-16777215, default 16777215): +2G
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x13fe498e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 8390655 2097152 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x13fe498e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 8390655 2097152 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@dev ~]# partprobe
Step2 :- Phycial Volume Create
[root@dev ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created.
[root@dev ~]# vgcreate /dev/sdb2 vg_web
/dev/sdb2: already exists in filesystem
Run `vgcreate --help' for more information.
Step 3: Create Volume Group
Volume group "vg_web_group" successfully created
[root@dev ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos 1 3 0 wz--n- <59.00g 4.00m
vg_web_group 1 0 0 wz--n- <2.00g <2.00g
Step 4 :- Logical Volume Create
[root@dev ~]# lvcreate -L +500M -n web_lv vg_web_group
Logical volume "web_lv" created.
[root@dev ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
home centos -wi-ao---- 18.08g
root centos -wi-ao---- <37.04g
swap centos -wi-ao---- <3.88g
web_lv vg_web_group -wi-a----- 500.00m
Step 5: Format Logical Volume
[root@dev ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_web_group/web_lv
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
128016 inodes, 512000 blocks
25600 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=34078720
63 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2032 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
Step6:- Mount the Logical Volume
[root@dev ~]# mount /dev/vg_web_group/web_lv devops/
[root@dev ~]# cd devops/
[root@dev devops]# ls
lost+found
[root@dev devops]# touch file{1..10}
[root@dev devops]# ls
file1 file10 file2 file3 file4 file5 file6 file7 file8 file9 lost+found
Final Step 7 : Check Mount point
[root@dev devops]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 60G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 59G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 37G 0 lvm /
├─centos-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─centos-home 253:2 0 18.1G 0 lvm /home
sdb 8:16 0 8G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /root/linux
└─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
└─vg_web_group-web_lv 253:3 0 500M 0 lvm /root/devops
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
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